1b)i: the resulting weapon can be used to cast spells. This method works the best since 1 Hour on Venus is equal to 100 Hours in Universal Time. 1a) the Staff of Fire is fundamentally changed into a sword by the rune and can never change back into the original named item. 0. The rules for Sprites (which it is stated are Rare because of their size) are in their own section as well, "You can purchase weapons, armor, and other items for your size with the same statistics as normal gear, except that melee weapons have a reach of 0 for you (or a reach 5 feet shorter than normal if they have the reach trait). PC turn 3 - Strike, "Dodge" never uses any multi action abilities because they don't have the actions, dies of boredom. This is called a critical specialization effect. Add to Cart. Rogue's have had sword proficiency since the beginning, longer than rapier as it wasn't included in 3rd edition. Animal Companions have been a staple thematic element of druids and rangers since at least 3rd edition DnD. They apply these bonuses to both attack and damage rolls when used in combat. It reaches a maximum length of 6 feet (180 cm), but the usual hand Aruval is around 1. The Pick (and to a slightly lesser extent the Katana) works better against lower level enemies and if you can often find yourself in situations where enemies are flat-footed and/or frightened or sickened. You can always decide not to add the critical. Let me explain. While some monks use a handful of specialized Monk Weapons, most monks fight unarmed. Elaborate tokenomics model. The city has a population of 91,867, and. Cold iron weapons deal additional damage to creatures with weakness to cold iron, like demons and fey. The Longsword study guide is also available as an e-book trough the Academy of Historical Arts online shop. The rules for Hardness appear in Item Damage. Aldori Dueling Sword Item 1 Uncommon Finesse Versatile P Source World Guide pg. A longsword has a straight blade which is between 90 to 92 cm. Hit: (2d6 + 8) slashing damage plus (3d6)fire damage. Re: Long Sword - Possible bug or incorrect rules. It lies at 123 degrees 22' west longitude, and 48 degrees 25' north latitude. The weapon’s runes and any precious material it’s made of apply to the weapon’s. 0 When you use a Strike action or make a spell attack, you attempt a check called an attack roll. 200. Introduction. Fundamental runes offer the most basic and essential benefits: a weapon potency rune adds a bonus to a weapon's attack rolls, and the striking rune adds extra weapon damage dice. This is where the greatest museums and dealers go to buy the finest Antique Armor. Earn Income. Provide a textual input file to Ex Libris with the relevant ILS BIB numbers, one bib record per line. Price 20 gp; Damage 1d8 P; Bulk 2. In the modern day, a German sword is an excellent choice for a beginner’s first sword. Your weapon, unarmed attack, spell, or sometimes even a magic item determines what type of dice you roll for damage, and how many. bastard sword pathfinder 2e - longsword, bastard sword, two-handed sword - a response to lindybeige - YouTube Waiting for Antique Armor February 7, 2022 at 4:52. Bastard sword Source Ultimate Equipment pg. The longsword had a longer hilt than an arming sword. 0 Property runes add special abilities to armor or a weapon in addition to the item’s fundamental runes. immunities include fireball, heat metal, and lightning bolt. This is a +3 greater striking greater flaming longsword. Your class determines your proficiency rank for various weapons. The target must succeed on a dc 20 strength saving throw or be pulled up to 25 feet toward the balor. The item bonus to attack rolls is +3, and the weapon can be etched with three property runes. You must satisfy any prerequisites before taking the feat. Overall, they do roughly the same damage over two attacks. No joke, Longsword + Shield. P2E Social 24h Social 7d ; 1: Axie Infinity Battle and collect fantasy creatures called Axie. Cold iron looks like normal iron but is mined from particularly pure sources and shaped with little or no heat. 43 comments. Weapons made of precious materials are more expensive and sometimes have special effects. The Broadsword hits a bit harder but the Longsword weighs less, has more reach, and can perform the much-beloved poke attack from crouch. Sweep, Scimitar, Falchion, Greatsword. You’ve studied the art of wielding an advanced weapon. The basics of runes in Pathfinder 2nd edition! In this video we discuss Fundamental and Property Runes, and in part 2 of the series we’ll examine other rela. 4 reviews. The Recital Johannes Liechtenauer. Source Pathfinder #164: Hands of the Devil pg. Kneel while focusing on the holy symbol, pray for guidance and protection from the Inheritor, and swear to follow her teachings. If the reason you want to DW Longsword is to deal damage, then try to use dagger/small weapon with Rogue Knife Master, it has a perk where you can roll DEX for damage instead of STR. Certain feats, class features, weapon runes, and other effects can grant you additional benefits when you make a Strike with certain weapons and get a critical success. Physical Damage: 11-26. Magical ammunition, on the other hand, follows the same batch. The sizes and the spaces they each take up on a grid are listed in Table 9–1: Size and Reach (page 474). 28 2. Range 30 feet; Targets 1 or 2 creatures. Only the outer edge is sharp, and the back is flat, giving the blade a triangular cross-section. 3 metres Requires Level 8, 20 Str, 17 Dex +60 to Accuracy Rating Acquisition. It includes conversion notes for characters, spells, magic items, and monsters! More Paizo Blog . Special You can select this feat more than once. May 12, 2010, 12:58 pm. Flame Tongue (Greater) Item 17. Solid damage and the. This is called a critical specialization effect. Scrolls. Kingdom Story: Heroes War: 01 Jun. If a suit of armor or a weapon has multiple etchings of the same rune, only the highest-level one applies. Play-to-earn games, also called P2E games or even just crypto games, are games that have cryptocurrency and NFTs as an integral part of the gameplay. Where fighters often differentiate themselves by the arms and armor they. This is consistent amongst any class, any multiclassing option, and every character; If a Rogue and a Fighter swing a Dagger at an enemy, they add the same Proficiency Bonus to that swing. Usage held in 2 hands; Bulk 2. Importantly spells that requiere saves and not spell attacks do not have the attack trait and do not count for this. He has been playing TTRPGs for 25 years, and caught the Pathfinder volunteering bug when helping Owlcat Games with their Kingmaker booth at PAX. Price 9,000 gp (+900 gp per Bulk) Craft Requirements at least 4,500 gp of silver + 450 gp per Bulk. The core element of the P2E tokenomics concept is a well-balanced monetary policy covering NFTs, cryptos, and other internal tokens. Fire creatures within the area take 4d8 damage ( basic Fortitude save). If you're an expert with the skill. It cleverly. You gain these features as a Swashbuckler. Hand 2: Magic Long Sword with Advantage on Reactions. The frost brand automatically extinguishes non-magical fires in a 20-foot emanation. Of course; his archetype and ability scores mean he. 147 4. 243 4. This piece typically measures between 16 to 22cm in length. Realm. If you cast true strike, rapier is notably the better option for true strike, but this is obviously a once a day thing. Price 13,500 gp (+1,350 gp per Bulk) Craft Requirements at least 6,750 gp of adamantine + 675 gp per Bulk. Silver weapons deal. After all those hard works (Or fails) you may get enough material for one of the most powerful Dragon Longsword in MHW. Mined from rocks that fell from the heavens, adamantine is one of the hardest metals known. 그렇기에 일부 사람들 사이에서 P2E 개념이 나오기 이전의 디아블로3 의 경매장 사례는 물론 함께. Area level: 8 Vendor Prices. Source Core Rulebook pg. Player Builds. Kensei Weapon: Longsword. You would swing once with a +1 modifier, swing with off-hand with dual wield by adding the +1 as well, then swing a 3rd time with your original hand with a +1 modifier. Play-to-earn games, or P2E games, are gaining popularity despite a pullback in the crypto marketplace, and for good reason: Gamers can still earn money while racking up points. Passport to Earning (P2E) Support: 1-800-309-4095longsword and use a bonus action to speak the command word Galas-var, causing the sword to emit a pale blue glow that sheds bright light in a 20-foot radius and dim light for an additional 20 feet. Precious Material Weapons. Cantrips. Deadly d10: greater striking rune major striking rune rapier greater striking rune. 34 2. Whenever you gain a level, you get one step closer to a higher proficiency bonus. 5 and 4 pounds. P2E games are going to become ever more commonplace in years to come. Recall Knowledge about alchemical reactions, the value of items, engineering, unusual materials, and alchemical or mechanical creatures. Magical musical performances will see you deal harrying attacks to. This change applies to all the weapon's damage dice, such as those from striking runes. For instance, if you’re using a normal longsword, you’ll roll 1d8. You must be able to Craft magic items, have the formula for the rune, have the item you’re adding the rune to in your possession throughout the etching process, and meet any special Craft. Download PDF. While wielding it, you gain a +2 item bonus to checks to Aid. Hit Points: The least hit points of any race, but at least the Halfling doesn’t have a racial Ability Flaw in Constitution like the Elf. Bastard Sword The Bastard sword, or longsword, also known as long sword or long-sword, is a type of European sword characterized by a cruciform hilt with a two handed with a straight double-edged blade. On a crit, that deals (2d6+4=11)*2 + 1d8 (average of 4. 13k. This article will introduce you to two types of macros: Chat Macros. Price 13,800 gp. This broad-bladed sword, sometimes called the hand-and-a-half sword, has a longer grip so it can be held in one hand or used with two hands to provide extra slashing power. Or you fight with 2 hatchets and just houserule. Ranged attack rolls use Dexterity as their ability modifier. Cold Iron trait is a weapon trait in Pathfinder: Kingmaker. As a dedicated weapon, the longsword is a nice improvement to most monks, and the frequency of magic longswords is actually a pretty nice bonus for the monk. Weapon Property Runes Source Core Rulebook pg. Yes, longsword is underwhelming. Fatespinner RPG Superstar 2013 Top 32. They take two forms: fundamental runes and property runes. Tim is a Canadian engineer and avid gamer who loves RPGs and spreadsheets. Caster level for magic weapons is supposed to be 3 x enhancement bonus or the Caster Level requirement for the special ability. 600 4. Yes, there are "rune slots" in the sense that any weapon can have one "potency rune" (+1, +2 or +3), one striking rune, and one or more property runes, one on a +1 weapon, 2 on a +2 weapon and so on. For instance, full plate armor is 4 Bulk, a longsword is 1 Bulk, a dagger or scroll is light, and a piece of chalk is negligible. Source: PAP61. Item 6. World of Defish. In the latter case, the blade is known to take up forty inches of the total length. This makes it the new go-to for those rare Strength-based Rogue builds, especially those which involve multiclassing into Barbarian, or builds which involve the shillelagh cantrip. Dual wield questions. The exact effect depends on which weapon group your weapon belongs to, as listed below. Base Shields. You can attempt to attack with a ranged weapon or thrown weapon up to six range increments away, but the farther away you are, the harder it is to hit your target. They’re reduced by damage just like Hit Points, but a character always loses their Stamina Points first, and loses Hit Points only if they’re out of Stamina Points. Some skeletons retain their intelligence and cunning, making them formidable warriors. Deadly d10 Propulsive Volley 30 ft. T. Item 6. Longsword (15gp + 300gp Masterwork) x 2 Cold Iron = 630gp. All Deities Deity Categories. The California Workforce Development Board (CWDB) is pleased to announce the availability of approximately $19,000,000 in state general funds for the implementation of regional plans to serve the formerly incarcerated and other justice-involved individuals in California (this funding is referred to as the P2E 2. Specific Magic Weapons Source Core Rulebook pg. This curved sword is shorter than a longsword and longer than a shortsword. Type: Martial Melee Weapon Cost: 15 gp Weight: 3 lbs. Paladin: The divine bond ability says "These [enhancement] bonuses can be added to the weapon, stacking with existing weapon bonuses to a maximum of +5. No joke, Longsword + Shield. The Kingmaker Player’s Guide is intended to provide context for creating characters from the nation of Brevoy or surrounding regions who wish to play a role in the Stolen Lands’ transformation. I’m only just starting out with Pathfinder 2E and am interested in building a dual-wielding Lizardfolk Ranger, choosing Twin Takedown and Flurry at level 1. 0. Longsword (15gp x 2 for Cold Iron) + 300gp Masterwork = 330gp. Aug 27, 2021. . 0. The shortsword is better for 3 attacks (rare), and the Rapier is better for single attacks. An arrow of slaying is a magic weapon meant to slay a particular kind of creature. 283 4. Athletics allows you to perform deeds of physical prowess. Certain feats, class features, weapon runes, and other effects can grant you additional benefits when you make a Strike with certain weapons and get a critical success. You can make metal weapons out of any of these materials except darkwood, and wooden weapons out of darkwood. Cold Steels German Longsword is a high-end, high performance sword for serious users and collectors. Longsword. 0. If a creature belonging to the type, race, or group associated with an arrow of slaying takes damage from the arrow, the creature must make a DC 17. [1] All three options have a chance to break the sword, however the chance of it breaking on the whetstone or armour stand decreases with. You can also reset a ship vendor's inventory by skipping time. Despite the tip, the long sword is designed for. Dagger of Venom. Why do people say Scimitars are better than Longswords? If you look at the stats, clearly the longsword is better in every possible way, except for speed. If you. Angurvadal is longswords +4 alternative, but that arrives deep into watchers keep. Item 2+. This is why Tristian has a scimitar, a martial weapon that clerics normally can't use - they're the favoured weapon of his deity, Sarenrae. The German longsword is used for fencing and duels, a sport greatly influenced by 14 th-century fencer Johannes Liechtenauer. Attack rolls with this weapon gain a +1 item bonus, and the weapon can be etched with one. 599 4. 1. 0. Dwarves are slow to trust those outside their kin, but this wariness is not without reason. Usage held in 1 hand; Bulk 1. 0. Any actual change to an object (beyond what is noted above) persists only as long as you Sustain the Spell. For example a longsword is 1d8 + versatile, a bastard sword is 1d8+Two-Hand 1d12. . Dungeon Scrawl x Roll20 Make on-the-fly maps in minutes on Dungeon Scrawl, now powered by Roll20. Caster level for magic weapons is supposed to be 3 x enhancement bonus or the Caster Level requirement for the special ability. A level. They often mention the log on the body as the third log, meaning the activity may be bugged in different ways. Weapon Group heavy blades. 2. Base Weapon Longsword. You’ve studied the art of wielding an advanced weapon. Dullahan. Non-magical fires within the area are automatically extinguished. The basics of Death in the Pathfinder (2nd Edition) RPG from Paizo!In this video we examine the process for determining when a character dies, with attention. You could use a long sword and a dagger (or star knife) and then throw the dagger. Certain feats, class features, weapon runes, and other effects can grant you additional benefits when you make a Strike with certain weapons and get a critical success. 0 These weapons have abilities far different from what can be gained by simply etching runes. Will; longsword, rapier, shortbow: Base HP: 8: For Bards, versatility is the name of the game. Base Weapon Longsword. For example, the feat Brutish Shove requires that "You are. 0, Kingmaker Adventure Path pg. In the end, your double slice feat only gives you a +1 increased chance to hit on your second attack at a 1 lower average damage than your longsword. Requirements You are wielding two melee weapons, each in a different hand. Ability Boosts: Dexterity and Wisdom works well for several classes like cleric and ranger, but. Name Pantheon Alignment Areas of Concern Domains Favored WeaponLanguages. Nothing fancy, but it’s never bad, and you’ll be very happy with it. Longswords can be one-edged or two‑edged swords. The exceptions are cantrips, focus spells, and rituals, none of which can be put on scrolls. These undead are far more powerful than their mindless kin, and many gain class levels. Advanced Weapon Training Feat 6. Attacks per Second: 1. 580 4. This isn't entirely unique, plenty of games use a. Whenever a shield takes damage, the amount of damage it takes is reduced by this amount. First two actions fireball, third action longsword has no penalties. Click -->> for the best Antique Arms & Armor. It offers a decent shield and hull, a decent crew count, three separate weapons, and a good reactor. Item 16. Fighter. While many things have stayed the same, many things have changed. Longswords have been a staple in many RPGs and Elden Ring is no exception. This very long spear, sometimes called a pike, is purely for thrusting rather than throwing. A magic weapon is enhanced to strike more truly and deliver more damage. Certain feats, class features, weapon runes, and other effects can grant you additional benefits when you make a Strike with certain weapons and get a. You can also find +1. RELATED: Baldur's Gate 3: Underdark or Mountain Pass Choice Guide. This sword is used almost exclusively by the life-hating urdefhans (Bestiary 2 276). The Monk is most easily compared to the Fighter. One key difference between the katana and longsword is their size. Cost 10 gp Weight 2 lbs. Aura no aura (nonmagical); CL — Slot none; Price 330 gp; Weight 4 lbs. Weight. That choice sets the Setup Time and the Crafting DC. View all types of animals and gear. Property runes, by contrast, grant. 0. Each additional day spent Crafting reduces the materials needed. 143 Statistics Cost 35 gp Weight 6 lbs. Smoke constantly belches from this +1 magic longsword. If paper documentation lacks a paper copy of the claim, or the cover sheet form is incomplete or missing, this WILL result in delayed processing or rejection of the claim for required documentation. The longsword evolved from the war swords and great swords of the 14th century, and emerged as a battlefield weapon in the early stages of the Hundred Years' War. Both take a -4 penalty on the attack roll, have range 10 and critical 20/×2, which indicates that. Breeding Card PVP: Live: Yes: NFT: NFT Crypto: 3830 +0. So ranger works great with cleric. " (My build was using an ogre tetori monk. Dark Claw “Demise” has dominated the Dragon Hunting meta for now. Iomedae demonstrates how to turn a longsword into a shining beacon of hope. The katana is typically around 40 inches long and weighs between 2. Attack rolls take a variety of forms and are often highly variable based on the weapon you are using for the attack, but there are three main types: melee. Weapon (dagger), rare. Properties. At 1st level, a rogue doing just 2d6 damage with a sneak-attacking rapier without ability bonus to damage is kinda weaksauce, and getting a +4 to that. Take a deep breath,. A scroll can be Crafted to contain nearly any spell, so the types of scrolls available are limited only by the number of spells in the game. Generate P2E input file. Critical Strike Chance: 5. There is the Leap basic action, that tells you how much you're able to do as just a basic jump without any additional effort. Longsword. Price 10,000 gp. ago. Changdao is a generic term used for long and two-handed Daos, especially in the Tang era. Cold Iron Weapon (High-Grade) Item 16. This immense two-handed sword is nearly as tall as its wielder. 599 4. Staff. Last edited by Runebinder; 05/12/20 05:11 PM. This means the weapon is an entirely standard +1 longsword, adding +1 to both attack and damage. Bastard Swords only do Slashing damage. Leveling up this stat will have a greater increase in the amount of bonus physical damage this weapon deals. The P2E model is primarily based on the freemium model, which suggests that one does not have to pay anything to get started but the user can purchase in case they want to add new attributes, content, or gear or just to. While they have a slower attack speed than scimitars, longswords are able to hit higher in a single attack. 241 4. Price 9,000 gp (+900 gp per Bulk) Craft Requirements at least 4,500 gp of cold iron + 450 gp per Bulk. When you are enfeebled, you take a status penalty equal to the condition value to Strength-based rolls and DCs, including Strength-based melee attack rolls, Strength-based damage rolls, and Athletics checks. 5 DMG and then +10 AVG 8. The rest of magic items in 2e are types of consumables. The one advantage of dual wielding without feats is that you can strike with a big weapon, like a longsword, then strike with an agile weapon, like a shortsword, to lower your multiple attack penalty. 599; There is a more recent version of this weapon. Probably yes, but at the DM’s option. Caster level for magic weapons. 90%: 2 New! CryptoForce Blockchain FPS Game. ago. Double slice with a +15 longsword (Averaging 8. either twin blade or long sword can be 2handed for- +10 Damage: 2d6+15Yes and no. m0rpheus562 • 1 yr. Rogue. 20, PRPG Core Rulebook pg. In many fantasy realms, the Longsword is associated with noble lineages, heroic quests, and legends of great heroes. It's too general for me because there are different candidates for this position on different platforms, but in terms of total traffic, Plant vs Undead and Axie Infinity hold the leading position, and on mobile platforms also Axie Infinity, but the Cryptocars game is added to. This weapon can be wielded with two hands. Tridents are more of a champion weapon as they get a free Returning Rune as part of their kit at lv 3, but fighters can do well enough with a thrown Slashing or Bludgeoning. Source Core Rulebook pg. 5) = 26. You must satisfy any prerequisites before taking the feat. longsword/shortsword- +8/+7 damage: 2d6+10 1d8+10 . Its. This 5-foot-tall bow, usually made of a single piece of elm, hickory, or yew, has a powerful draw and is excellent at propelling arrows with great force and at an extreme distance. Unlike other P2E platforms, STEPN describes itself as a move-to-earn social-fi application. All weapon and unarmed attacks by you and your allies. Base Weapon Longsword. Changdao The long two-handed Changdaothat used to battle the Wokou pirates – Credits: Mandarin Mansion Antiques. That's 2 extra damage for the longsword on a hit from the higher weapon diefor 80-90% of your strikes. Items can have a number to indicate their Bulk value, or they can be light (indicated by an L) or negligible (indicated by a —) for the purpose of determining Bulk. Usually, downtime is a few minutes at the start of a session or a break between major chapters of an adventure. Their blades are heavy and they’re between 3 and 4 feet in length. You can search for lower-level tasks, with the GM determining whether you find any. A longsword (also spelled as long sword or long-sword) is a type of European sword characterized as having a cruciform hilt with a grip for primarily two-handed use (around 15 to 30 cm or 6 to 12 in), a straight double-edged blade of around 80 to 110 cm (31 to 43 in), and weighing approximately 1 to 1. It went on to become a key weapon on the battlefields of late medieval Europe, creating a new system of sword fighting. Item 15. ago. A rusty sword is a broken sword that can be repaired by bringing it to Tindel Marchant in Port Khazard and paying 100 coins or repaired on a whetstone or on an armour stand in a Player-owned house workshop. Cost. This topic has come up a few times also in relation to some of the creatures I have used in my campaign that have Hardness listed in their stats. Bastard Swords only do Slashing damage. Victoria is situated on the southern tip of Vancouver Island. E. 2. The second Strike will take either a –5 penalty if you use the longsword or a –4 penalty if you use the shortsword. 0. A typical halfling can live to be around 150 years old. ago. Smoke constantly belches from this +1 magic longsword. Greater Victoria. Favored Weapon Lubaiko. It takes an action to change your grip on a Bastard Sword vs a free action to release your grip on a great sword. The third time you attack, and on any subsequent attacks, you take a –10 penalty to. The reason for the increased cost is not because the material is rare (it's just normal iron) but because of. Worn magic items typically provide a static bonus (like +5 movement speed) and/or have activated abilities you can spend actions on to use. Shield is excellent, +2 AC and blocks. Then you can throw both. Knightly Sword early 15th century, probably French – Credits: Met Museum. 2 A creature must have a hand free for someone to pass an item to them, and. A one-handed weapon can be used in one hand, but is typically heavier than a one-handed weapon. These runes allow for in-depth customization of items. 0. Source Core Rulebook pg. An arc of lightning leaps from one target to another. Search Thread. 40. 10. For instance, a rapier with a greater striking rune deals 2d8 extra piercing damage on a critical hit. Magran's blessing in particular is free, a great shield, and you can get it easily in nekataka early on. The rapier is a long and thin piercing blade with a basket hilt. 62%: 1 New! Gas Hero DAO based web 3 social and strategy game. 283 4. The Longsword scales with Strength and Dexterity but primarily scales with your Strength attribute. Rapier CRB: Agile isn’t especially important for the Bard because you typically won’t make more than one Strike per turn, so the Rapier is a better choice for the Bard than the Shortsword. This uses the Craft activity, and you must be able to craft magical items. Source Core Rulebook pg. Reduced-threat Helmed Horror. A melee weapon is used to attack a target within 5 feet of you, whereas a ranged weapon is used to attack a. Jumping is fairly easy but the mechanics for it are split in a few places. Page 295 explains the differences between items of different sizes. Favored Weapon Longsword Symbol Sword and sun Sacred Animal(s) Lion Sacred Color(s) Red, white Obedience Hold your primary weapon in front of you and hang a holy symbol of Iomedae from it. Top Play-to-Earn (P2E) Games in 2023. Magic weapons have enhancement bonuses ranging from +1 to +5. . 0. Usually to add additional traits designers diminish the dice size by 1 per additional trait but different traits have different "weight", katana for example added 2 extra traits when compared to longswords and bastard swords just diminishing the damage dice to d6. 581 4. However, the champion adheres to either end of the good/evil alignment axis, so the Champion can often feel unwelcome in. This projectile weapon is made from horn, wood, and sinew laminated together to increase the power of its pull and the force. Basically one-handed melee martial weapons have 1d8 + 1 trait as it's base. Also, nothing in the text says it is actually hot. This long piece of wood can aid in walking and deliver a mighty blow. Ammunition Arrows. Shortsword. They started with two-handed weapons and abandoned them. Zweihänder Sword- Two Handed Longsword - High Carbon Damascus Steel - 45". Attacks per Second: 1. This is called a critical specialization effect.